Complete and total abrogation of the law.

[Peairtach]

Under Moses there had to be the shedding of the blood of an animal for every sin or the death of the offender for his/her sin.

That is not the way it is presented in Number 15, which you quoted in the early comment. Sacrifice was permitted for unintentional sins. Punishment was required for presumptuous sins.

RT: But it is significant that when the death penalty was imposed no sacrifice could be offered before the execution. The offender was paying with his life instead of the sacrifice because the offender was bearing his guilt rather than the sacrifice.

You shall have one law for him who sins unintentionally, for him who is native-born among the children of Israel and for the stranger who dwells among them.

But a sacrifice could never be offered in place of one who was to be “cut off” from the congregation. He always carried his own guilt.

RT: How does "cutting-off" first apply to New Covenant situations? To the church, to excommunication and church sanctions, not to the modern nation, of which the church is a subset.

But that was based on the nature of the sin, not on the availability of the sacrifice. Those who sinned “knowingly, wilfully, obstinately” (JFB) had to suffer the consequences. Atonement was only for the penitent.

RT: But it is significant that the death penalty coincided with the absence of a sacrifice. A sacrifice could have been offered before the offender suffered the penalty.

Without the shedding of blood their is no remission of sins (Hebrews 9:22)

In the New Covenant the typological sacrificial system is removed and hence New Covenant governments aren't bound to execute people for e.g. flagrant Sabbath-breaking.

I’m not seeing that from the Scriptures. I do not see any necessary abrogation of the civil penalties based on an absence of animal sacrifices.

RT: Well the fact that the death penalties involved the absence of an animal sacrifice would have to be taken into account in finding the GE. Is this a reason why so many death penalties were added at the time of Moses, because aswell as being Israel's penal system, the death penalties typified that without Christ's sacrifice we face spiritual and eternal death? Do we want typical death penalties on the statute book of a modern Christian state, unless it is really necessary for moral and practical reasons?

The system of death penalties for various offences, not only served as part of Israel's penal law, but also typified the fact that without an atonement for sin we all deserve death.

True, but the latter does not nullify the former. It may still be appropriate for the state to exercise capital punishment in certain flagrant instances.

RT:This typology must be taken into account in seeking the GE for New Covenant penal law. It is not the only place where the penal and ceremonial laws are related/interlinked (e.g. cities of refuge and the death of the high priest), but lessons can be learned for New Covenant penal law, as Poythress, Frame and Wright and others have shown.