Hebrew Student
Puritan Board Freshman
Hey Everyone!
I wanted to ask what people think of this. I took a class in Old Aramaic this semester, and we had to do a paper at the end of class on an Old Aramaic inscription of our choice. When I was flipping through our textbook to choose an inscription, I found an inscription with the phrase: znh spr bl'm br b'r 'sh chzh 'lhn h', which translated is "This is the book of Balaam the son of Beor. He was a man who saw the gods." Obviously, this purked my interest, and I decided to do this inscription.
However, I had not a clue what I was getting myself into. Apparently, this inscription was found near ancient Ammon at a cite called Deir Alla. It was written on wall plaster that apparently collapsed during an earthquake. That makes it doubly hard. You see, I examined the paleographical data, and came to the tenitive conclusion that the inscription dates from the late eighth century B.C. It was also written in ink. Now, first of all, plaster that is 2,700 years old will tend to crumble. Hence, it was difficult to tell what were the cracks in the plaster, and what were actual marks of ink. Infared lighting helped with this, but there were other problems. Because the wall plaster was destroyed in an earthquake, it was found in pieces. Hence, part of the trick of dealing with this inscription is trying to place all of the pieces back together. Also, this is in the context of the fact that they shortly afterward discovered another Aramaic text written near the Balaam text also on wall plaster, and, if you attempt to insert fragments, you have to be careful that you are not inserting a fragment that goes with the other text. Also, I should mention that the ink is badly worn. It is much easier to read with infared photography, but there are still places that are hard to read.
Not only that, but other features of the text are strange. First of all, there are places where the text seems to not function like Aramaic. For example, there appears to be no clear example of the emphatic aleph. There are places where it appears to have more in common with Canaanite dialects than with Aramaic! However, there are several things characteristic of Aramaic in the text. For example, Aramaic does characteristically use the word br for son, and several of the verbs are very characteristic of Aramaic, for instance, the usage of npq in line 6. The script, although having many similarities to Aramaic, is also very similar to the Ammonite Amman Citadel Inscription. However, it is mixed with very early examples of Aramaic script [such as those found in the Bar Rakib inscriptions] as well as even some late forms that are closer to the Ashur Ostrocon.
Not only that, the interpretation of the text is strange. In spite of all of the above problems, we can get a decent idea of what is going on. Here is my translation of the text that I did for my paper [elipsis indicates where the text is broken or unreadable]:
1. … the book of Balaam the son of Beor. He was a man who saw the gods. The gods came to him at night, and spoke to him
2. according to the oracle of El, and they said to Balaam the son of Beor, “He shall do…I will surely kindle a fire for…
3. Balaam arose the next morning…south…he was not able to eat, and he fasted and wept bitterly.
4. Then his people went up to him and said to Balaam the son of Beor, “Why do you fast, and why do you weep?” Then he
5. said to them, “Sit down, and I will tell you what the Shadin gods…Come and see the works of the gods, the gods altogether!
6. The Shadin gods stood in the assembly, and said to Shamash, ‘Send out the lightning of the heavens. In your cloud place darkness and not a pow-
7. erful light! To your bolt, give the seal of a dark cloud. Do not remove it forever and ever!’ The swift re-
8. proaches the eagle and the voice???? of the vulture sings. The stork…The sons of the nechats bird troubles the young heron. The swallow tears up
9. the dove. The sparrow…staff. Instead of the ewe the [shepherd’s] staff is led. The hares eat the
10. wolves.????...drink wine. Hyenas obey chastisement. The whelps of…
11. he laughs to the wise. The poor woman mixes myrrh. The priestess…
12. for the official, the threaded loin cloth. The one who is regarded now shows regard. The one who showed regard is now regarded …
13. And the deaf hear from afar…
14. and all see. The constraint of offspring and offspring…
15. to the leopard…The piglet causes the sons of…to flee
16. of a tooth…destruction, and eye…
That is a summary of what I have learned of this inscription. It is just really hard to know how to understand how to take this in the light of what the Bible says. I figured I would ask how you guys understand it in light of the story of Numbers 22ff, and if you can see any insights, or what you think about this. It is just hard to know how to understand it.
God Bless,
Adam
I wanted to ask what people think of this. I took a class in Old Aramaic this semester, and we had to do a paper at the end of class on an Old Aramaic inscription of our choice. When I was flipping through our textbook to choose an inscription, I found an inscription with the phrase: znh spr bl'm br b'r 'sh chzh 'lhn h', which translated is "This is the book of Balaam the son of Beor. He was a man who saw the gods." Obviously, this purked my interest, and I decided to do this inscription.
However, I had not a clue what I was getting myself into. Apparently, this inscription was found near ancient Ammon at a cite called Deir Alla. It was written on wall plaster that apparently collapsed during an earthquake. That makes it doubly hard. You see, I examined the paleographical data, and came to the tenitive conclusion that the inscription dates from the late eighth century B.C. It was also written in ink. Now, first of all, plaster that is 2,700 years old will tend to crumble. Hence, it was difficult to tell what were the cracks in the plaster, and what were actual marks of ink. Infared lighting helped with this, but there were other problems. Because the wall plaster was destroyed in an earthquake, it was found in pieces. Hence, part of the trick of dealing with this inscription is trying to place all of the pieces back together. Also, this is in the context of the fact that they shortly afterward discovered another Aramaic text written near the Balaam text also on wall plaster, and, if you attempt to insert fragments, you have to be careful that you are not inserting a fragment that goes with the other text. Also, I should mention that the ink is badly worn. It is much easier to read with infared photography, but there are still places that are hard to read.
Not only that, but other features of the text are strange. First of all, there are places where the text seems to not function like Aramaic. For example, there appears to be no clear example of the emphatic aleph. There are places where it appears to have more in common with Canaanite dialects than with Aramaic! However, there are several things characteristic of Aramaic in the text. For example, Aramaic does characteristically use the word br for son, and several of the verbs are very characteristic of Aramaic, for instance, the usage of npq in line 6. The script, although having many similarities to Aramaic, is also very similar to the Ammonite Amman Citadel Inscription. However, it is mixed with very early examples of Aramaic script [such as those found in the Bar Rakib inscriptions] as well as even some late forms that are closer to the Ashur Ostrocon.
Not only that, the interpretation of the text is strange. In spite of all of the above problems, we can get a decent idea of what is going on. Here is my translation of the text that I did for my paper [elipsis indicates where the text is broken or unreadable]:
1. … the book of Balaam the son of Beor. He was a man who saw the gods. The gods came to him at night, and spoke to him
2. according to the oracle of El, and they said to Balaam the son of Beor, “He shall do…I will surely kindle a fire for…
3. Balaam arose the next morning…south…he was not able to eat, and he fasted and wept bitterly.
4. Then his people went up to him and said to Balaam the son of Beor, “Why do you fast, and why do you weep?” Then he
5. said to them, “Sit down, and I will tell you what the Shadin gods…Come and see the works of the gods, the gods altogether!
6. The Shadin gods stood in the assembly, and said to Shamash, ‘Send out the lightning of the heavens. In your cloud place darkness and not a pow-
7. erful light! To your bolt, give the seal of a dark cloud. Do not remove it forever and ever!’ The swift re-
8. proaches the eagle and the voice???? of the vulture sings. The stork…The sons of the nechats bird troubles the young heron. The swallow tears up
9. the dove. The sparrow…staff. Instead of the ewe the [shepherd’s] staff is led. The hares eat the
10. wolves.????...drink wine. Hyenas obey chastisement. The whelps of…
11. he laughs to the wise. The poor woman mixes myrrh. The priestess…
12. for the official, the threaded loin cloth. The one who is regarded now shows regard. The one who showed regard is now regarded …
13. And the deaf hear from afar…
14. and all see. The constraint of offspring and offspring…
15. to the leopard…The piglet causes the sons of…to flee
16. of a tooth…destruction, and eye…
That is a summary of what I have learned of this inscription. It is just really hard to know how to understand how to take this in the light of what the Bible says. I figured I would ask how you guys understand it in light of the story of Numbers 22ff, and if you can see any insights, or what you think about this. It is just hard to know how to understand it.
God Bless,
Adam