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Sam Jer

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This thread is split from my previous thread, "Where are the Trinitarian and Christological Boundaries", and particularly some of the longer quotes from books contained up to Post #21. It also references the discussion on the 2005 thread "Doctrine of Eastern Orthodox Church", particularly posts #5 and #6.
In order to narrow down the conversation, we'll only be discussing the Chalcedonian East. The timeframe 780-2025 refers to the period between Irene's rise to power in the Eastern Roman Empire, soon before the Second Council of Nicea (the one that mandates Icon veneration), up to the posting of this thread.


In the discussion, it appeared a few times that the view of those involved is that, at least up to a certain later than expected (by me) point, the East was orthodox enough to contain pockets of true grace, and cannot be as categorically denounced as a false church and religion as Rome can. The text quoted in post #21 in particular, placed the East on par with the Lutherans as mere schismatics. I have also periodically heard, usually from ecumenically minded folk, the claim that some Reformers avoided denouncing the East and used it's legitimacy in polemics against the tyranny of the Roman harlot.
It would seem, based on what I have been able to gather, that:

1. Denying core doctrines, including Augustinian views of salvation and Anselmian views of the attonement, is popular in modern Eastern theology.
2. Nominalism and liberalism plague the East at least just as much as it does the Protestants and Rome.
3. Theodore Beza denounced the East, but his view was not a universal view.
4. The East had it's very own Reformer, who was in contact with Western Protestants, but this did not go far before the East got rid of it.
5. The East does not really define it's theology as often as the West, making it harder to point to where they categorically rejected the gospel. It seems the East has no Council of Trent.
6. The East has no pope, no purgatory and no treasury of merit, but it does have other problems.
7. At least one Eastern Orthodox congergation moved in it's entirety, with it's clergy and people, into Protestantism as late as the 19th century. I do not no how many examples of this exist, I just happen to know that one such event accoured in Nablus, where the Eastern congergation became Anglican.
8. The East is highly grounded on a certain segment of the pre-medieval church that we all accept, or at the very least they want us to think they are.

The question of how to view the East, and whether to categorically reject them or not, is highly relevant for dealing both with Eastern Christians (nominal or serious, laymen and ordained), and with those leaving Protestantism for the East (though the latter are probably leaving because of agreeing with the worst of Eastern Ortho/Hetero-doxy). It should be noted that these questions are not strictly theoretical for me, as I know two EO's (one nominal cradle one, one who is leaving Protestantism) and it is one of the more common kinds of Christianity where I am.
 
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I'm no expert, but it seems the biggest problem would be in soteriology: baptismal regeneration (distinct from Lutheranism) & non-PSA view of the atonement.
 
I stand corrected on the statement that the East has no version of Trent. The questions still remain:
- Does anyone know how much weight the East puts on it? Wikipedia says it is not seen as ecumenical by most. What does this mean in their categories?
- Is the East up to this point viewed, similarly to the medieval Western church, as a corrupt but not-yet apostate body; or fully as a Synagogue of Satan?
 
Their Synod of Jerusalem (1672) is akin to their version of Trent. It responds point by point to Protestantism and abjectly condemns it.
 
Cyril Lucaris in Constantinople and Feofan Prokopovich in Russia.
I didn't know Russia had one! I'll have to read on it after the Lord's Day
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Their Synod of Jerusalem (1672) is akin to their version of Trent. It responds point by point to Protestantism and abjectly condemns it.
Do we view the East up to 1671 the same way we do the West up to 1517, or more harshly than that?
 
Temporary conclusions - if you disagree, or think one of these lack nuance, tell me; that's why I wrote them:

- The East was just orthodox enough to possibly contain true regenerate Christians throughout the middle ages and into the reformation and puritan eras, with it becoming progressively harder with time. This explains charitable statements by Reformers and Puritans.
- The Greeks had a reformer, and he had supporters, and he sent students to the Netherlands and England
- The Greeks rejected their reformer
- Apparently something similar happened in Russia, I'll read on it after the Lord's Day
- In 1672, the entire leadership of the EO's got together in Bethlehem to denounce the gospel as false. All EO's except Old Believers were there
- After 1672, our approach to those who have this council should be much more similar to the Tridentine west, even if some differences exist: Go ye out of her, lest ye partake of her plagues
- EO practice is paganized
- The East also has some weird mystical views called Palamism
- According to EO theology we are anathema, any consistent Reformed view after 1672 has no choice but to return the favor
- For some reason, EO's love to attack major doctrines like original sin and the atonement
- EO's are like if Rome had an illegitimate child with arminianism, eastern Paganism, and Buddhism
- These people should be answered differently on a case by case basis
- For some reason, the EO's love John Chrysostom
- Ramist Thomist almost always replies on EO-related threads, one must wonder why he didn't feel the need so far

Remaining questions:
- How important is the Synod of Jerusalem (or it's doctrines) in EO theology, and how does this colour our response?
- Did the East have it's versions of Bernard, the Hussites, John Wycliffe and so on?
- How relevant, if at all, is Palamism?
- How relevant, if at all, is the procession of the Spirit from the Father and the Son?
 
- The East also has some weird mystical views called Palamism

Two things to consider:
1) Part of it is mystical, in terms of breathing.
2) The other part is a very robust (if flawed) metaphysics that is not so easily dismissed. Cf David Bradshaw's Aristotle East and West.
- How important is the Synod of Jerusalem (or it's doctrines) in EO theology, and how does this colour our response?

It's not as existentially important for most. It has a "Latin" flavor and many converts to EO hate all things Western. So while it does condemn Protestantism and while it is technically binding, it isn't referenced as much as you would think.
- Did the East have it's versions of Bernard, the Hussites, John Wycliffe and so on?

No because there was no unified Pope figure to protest against. Caesaropapism is wrong, to be sure, but it often kept a check on ambitious patriarchs who sought too much power.
- How relevant, if at all, is Palamism?

The average babushka, as probably the average person, doesn't understand it. On the other hand, it structures their response to the Filioque and Western views of God. It's easy to misrepresent, so if you do engage it, you need to engage the best sources.
- How relevant, if at all, is the procession of the Spirit from the Father and the Son?

It is the very defining essence of who they are.
 
I have been slowly making my way through Hoornbeek's book on Controversies. He has a lengthy section on the Greeks. This was written before the 1672 synod. He appears less critical of the Greeks than Rome, yet still takes them to task over various issues. It would appear there was some hope at that stage of reforming the Greek church. It might then have served as an ally against Rome. Later reformed polemicists took a more decided stance.
 
Did the East have it's versions of Bernard, the Hussites, John Wycliffe and so on?
In some ways, it could be said that Cyril and Methodius (also their students after them) resonate with these. They stood against the Church’s position (keep in mind this was 200 years before the Great Schism), which held that only Greek, Latin, and Hebrew were acceptable languages for Scripture and liturgy. In response, they developed the Slavic alphabet to translate the Bible into Slavic, making both Scripture and the liturgy understandable to the common people.

After them, Clement of Ohrid established the Ohrid Literary School. In the treatise "On the Letters" by Chernorizets Hrabar (which I have not been able to find in English), he writes an apologia for the use of the “vulgar” language in contrast to the “divine” languages of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.

He writes:

"Others say: "Why the Slavic books? Neither God nor the angels created them, nor are they original like the Jewish, Roman, and Greek ones, which were from the beginning and were accepted by God."

And others say that God created our letters. And they do not know, you wretched ones, what they are saying and thinking, when they think that God commanded that books be written in three languages, as it is written in the Gospel: “And there was a tablet written in Hebrew, Roman, and Hellenic.” And there was no Slavic there. Therefore, Slavic books are not from God.

What shall we say to such fools? But let us answer them, as we have learned from the holy books, that everything in order comes from God, and not from another"

Additionally, I’ve heard that some Orthodox Christians do accept Jan Hus as a saint. And as already mentioned, Cyril Lucaris attempted to reform the Eastern Church.
 
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Cyril Lucaris in Constantinople and Feofan Prokopovich in Russia.
Did Prokopovich actively preach the gospel as we understand it (or at least counter the faith = assent + works view of the Synod of Jerusalem)? Most of what I find online is institutional reform.
 
Did Prokopovich actively preach the gospel as we understand it (or at least counter the faith = assent + works view of the Synod of Jerusalem)? Most of what I find online is institutional reform.
There is a good book on him by Andrei Ivanov called "Spiritual Revolution."

Ivanov believes that Prokopovich was doctrinally protestant and actively preached justification by faith while opposing Jesuit and Roman Catholic influences in the Russian Church.

The best evidence that Prokopovich identified with protestantism is that the Russian church began to send its most promising students to England and Germany for study.
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Here is an excerpt from Ivanov's book:
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There is a good book on him by Andrei Ivanov called "Spiritual Revolution."

Ivanov believes that Prokopovich was doctrinally protestant and actively preached justification by faith while opposing Jesuit and Roman Catholic influences in the Russian Church.

The best evidence that Prokopovich identified with protestantism is that the Russian church began to send its most promising students to England and Germany for study.
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Here is an excerpt from Ivanov's book:
View attachment 11908
lead the Swedish ambassador to what?

Either way, this is all fascinating. Do you have any idea what happened afterwards, and how long such ideas remained? Perhaps I was too quick to see the Synod of Jerusalem as a pivotal moment of apostasy? As I mentioned, a full Eastern congergation in Nablus also became Protestant when the Anglican mission arrived at what was then Southern Ottoman Syria. I feel like we are back at square 1 with our question of how to view the East
 
lead the Swedish ambassador to what?

Either way, this is all fascinating. Do you have any idea what happened afterwards, and how long such ideas remained? Perhaps I was too quick to see the Synod of Jerusalem as a pivotal moment of apostasy? As I mentioned, a full Eastern congergation in Nablus also became Protestant when the Anglican mission arrived at what was then Southern Ottoman Syria. I feel like we are back at square 1 with our question of how to view the East
The reversal of the reforms began in the 1820's. The Synod was not totally abolished in 1917.

I've seen russian orthodox writings from the 19th century that are actually more protestant than anything Prokopovich ever wrote.
 
The reversal of the reforms began in the 1820's. The Synod was not totally abolished in 1917.

I've seen russian orthodox writings from the 19th century that are actually more protestant than anything Prokopovich ever wrote.
would you then say that any given EO clergy or layman without a protestant background may theoretically (until we know him better) be a true Christian even today, even if this is rare?
 
would you then say that any given EO clergy or layman without a protestant background may theoretically (until we know him better) be a true Christian even today, even if this is rare?
I think it's pretty unlikely but not impossible. The Greek Church is worse off, more liberal and more apostate than the Russian Church from what I've seen.
 
I don't think we can say specifically who among the 300 million or so Eastern Orthodoxy are saved or not saved or crossed the line. Nor can I imagine wanting to.
 
I don't think we can say specifically who among the 300 million or so Eastern Orthodoxy are saved or not saved or crossed the line. Nor can I imagine wanting to.
Would you not say it is still important to have a clear view of the institution? Addressing someone in the Western church in the 1490s would be very different from the 1520s, which would again differ for a Romanist during the counter-reformation. Paul addressed the Jews very differently when arriving at a synagogue for the first time compared to addressing the Jews who rejected Christ already.
 
could you give examples?
There is a systematic theology published in 1827 by Feofan's followers that is theologically Lutheran.

It says of justification, "justification is an act of divine grace by which God freely (respecting man) declares a sinner just who acknowledges his sins with true and sufficient grief and believes in Christ, on account of Christ's merit alone, laid hold of by faith, not imputing his sins (that is, forgiving them), and truly imputing to him Christ's righteousness. Here, it must be noted that the term 'justification' is taken by us in a forensic sense; that is, for absolution from the guilt of a crime with which one is charged."
 
Would you not say it is still important to have a clear view of the institution? Addressing someone in the Western church in the 1490s would be very different from the 1520s, which would again differ for a Romanist during the counter-reformation. Paul addressed the Jews very differently when arriving at a synagogue for the first time compared to addressing the Jews who rejected Christ already.

Sure, but it isn't as monolithic as Rome. That's why you really can't have an easy answer, since a Phanariot Freemason clergyman will have different views than a Russian.
 
would you then say that any given EO clergy or layman without a protestant background may theoretically (until we know him better) be a true Christian even today, even if this is rare?
It may be rare, but I believe there are some within EO that are inconsistent and truly trust in Christ for their salvation despite their errors.

I recently stumbled upon a post by Javier Perdomo, a Lutheran apologist who demonstrates penal substitutionary atonement (or something close to it) in EO sources: Eastern Orthodox in SUPPORT of Penal Substitutionary Atonement?: An EXTENSIVE list of 80+ quotes from EO sources on Christ's atoning work [note: 2CV violation at the top of the linked page].

In my opinion, EO is difficult to deal with due to the diversity in theology and practice within the EO Communion, unlike Rome's hierarchy. Protestant apologetics against EO theology (particularly Palamism / essence-energy distinction) are severely lacking compared to anti-RC apologetics.
 
It may be rare, but I believe there are some within EO that are inconsistent and truly trust in Christ for their salvation despite their errors.
In my opinion, EO is difficult to deal with due to the diversity in theology and practice within the EO Communion, unlike Rome's hierarchy.
This is why I have found myself proposing that we view the East in terms parallel to the way we view the medieval church. So far no one has objected (which I find surprising).
I think we can also distinguish based on exposure to Protestantism. Even though the whole is suspect, those who left Protestantism, those who engage in anti-Protestant apologetics, and those that are well read on our beliefs are much more suspect then a babushka somewhere in Siberia or a young child in Syria that never heard of Martin Luther.

Protestant apologetics against EO theology (particularly Palamism / essence-energy distinction) are severely lacking compared to anti-RC apologetics.
Agreed (though just hearing what they say immidiately made a few passages that contradict it jump out yo me, such as Matthew 6:7 KJV and First John 3:2 KJV). The situation is even worse with the Oriental churches (here is their thread by the way). I think the main reasons are numbers and geography, although as the EO is evidently making inroads in America by snatching Protestants, maybe it's time to change that.
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This is a good place also to mention that I remember while reading either "For the Love of Zion" or "A Jewish Bishop in Jerusalem: The Life Story of Michael Solomon Alexander" by Kelvin Crombie, that there was a reference to a church in Nablus that moved from the EO to the Anglican mission. This is in the earliest days of Protestantism in the middle east mind you - the very first Protestant church in the middle east formed the home-base for this mission. There was unfortunately not much more information, it was just one line, but there is an Anglican Church in Nablus to this day so it might be the same one.
 
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